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Amyrtaeus (or
Amenirdisu) of
Sais is the only king of the
Twenty-eighth dynasty of Egypt and is thought to be related to the royal family of the
Twenty-sixth dynasty. He ended the
First Persian Occupation and reigned from
404 BC to
399 BC.
Amyrtaeus was probably the grandson of the Amyrtaeus of Sais and is known to have carried on a rebellion in 465–463 BC with the Libyan chief,
Inarus (himself a grandson of
Psametik III), against the
Satrap of
Artaxerxes II. He is known from
Aramaic and
ancient Greek sources, and is mentioned in the
Demotic Chronicle. He isn't known to have left any monuments, and his name in
Egyptian is only reconstructed from
demotic notices.
Previous to assuming the throne of Egypt, Amyrtaeus had revolted against Darius II as early as 411 BC, leading a guerrilla action in the western
Nile Delta around his home city of Sais. Following the death of Darius, Amyrtaeus declared himself king in 404 BC. According to
Isocrates, Artaxerxes assembled an army in
Phoenicia under the command of
Abrocomas to retake Egypt shortly after coming to the Persian throne, but political problems with his brother
Cyrus the Younger prevented this from taking place, allowing the
Egyptians sufficient time to throw off Achaemenid rule. While the rule of Amyrtaeus in the western Delta was established by 404 BC, Artaxerxes I continued to be recognized as
king at
Elephantine as late as 401 BC, but
Aramaic papyri from the site refer to Regnal Year 5 of Amyrtaeus in September 400 BC. The Elephantine papyri also demonstrate that between 404 and 400 BC (or even 398) Upper Egypt remained under Persian control, while the forces of Amyrtaeus dominated the Delta.
Amyrtaeus was defeated in open war by his successor,
Nepherites I of
Mendes, and executed at
Memphis, an event which the
Aramaic papyrus Brooklyn 13 implies occurred in October 399 BC.
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